File systems are the organizational systems that decide how data is stored, named, located, and protected on a disk, SSD, USB drive, or partition. They handle directories, file metadata (permissions, timestamps, ownership), free space tracking, and more. Windows side Windows primarily uses: NTFS — the modern default. It supports journaling (for crash recovery), large files and volumes, fine-grained permissions, encryption, and compression. FAT32 and exFAT — simpler, widely used on removable media (USB sticks, SD cards) because they are highly cross-compatible with other operating systems. Windows has no native support for the main Linux file systems. When you connect a drive formatted with ext2/3/4, Windows typically sees it as “RAW” or unknown and may offer to format it (which would destroy the data). Linux side Most Linux distributions default to the ext family: ext2 — the older, non-journaling version. ext3 — added journaling for better reliability. ext4 — the current standard. It a...
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